Haytham个人博客开发日志 -- Flask+Vue基于token的登录状态与路由管理
更新:HHH   时间:2023-1-7


指路牌

符合一下关键词,这篇博客有可能会对你有帮助

  • 不使用工厂函数的Flask应用
  • 不使用蓝本的Flask应用
  • Flask跨域配置
  • 基于Token的登录状态管理
  • Flask+Vue
  • Vue路由拦截
  • Axios 钩子

适用场景

这是一篇个人博客搭建的记录博客,也是一篇关于Flask和Vue的简单"工具书",最后的代码会包含Web开发中常用的功能。(不全,只是使用频率相对高的)

环境

  • 系统: 无关
  • Flask(Python3)
  • Vue(Node.js)

参考

《Flask Web开发 基于Python的Web应用开发实战》
Vue.js

背景

个人博客的解决方案那么多,为什么我要自己再搭建一个呢?
其实搭建个人博客的目的并不是为了写博客...否则直接使用WordPress了,个人博客只是我想要实践自己学的技术,同时考虑到以后可能会加入负载均衡、集群等技术,导致架构大改,或者尝试实现语音控制等新玩法,一行一行码出来的在操作的可行性上必然是更好的。

代码功能

博客功能尚不健全,只实现了以下的基本功能
前端:注册登陆,博客创建(markdown编辑器),首页拉取所有文章,创建博客需要登陆状态。
后端:以上服务需要的视图函数,配置跨域,令牌管理与验证,数据库管理。

出于记录的分享的目的,将实现登录状态管理的代码整理如下

实现思路

要实现基于令牌的登录状态管理,其思路大致如下

  1. 前端将帐号密码提交后台
  2. 后台验证,通过这返回token
  3. 前端在每次请求前将token设置到请求头当中(使用axios钩子)
  4. 后台在受保护的视图函数被调用时获取请求头的token,并验证token,若无问题则允许调用

这是一个大致的思路,后续调用手保护的视图函数部分,无论是让前后端完成什么操作,都可以执行根据需要实现。
以下部分将根据以上思路的顺序,展示主要代码,最后将贴出完成代码。

具体步骤

Flask配置跨域

前后端分离首选需要配置跨域,此处采用后端解决的方案,使用flask_cors库,代码如下:

由于会前端在获取token后会在每次HTTP请求时将token设置在头部,我给出的命名为'token',若使用了其他名称,需在'Access-Control-Allow-Headers'中替换

from flask_cors import CORS

CORS(app,supports_credentials=True)
@app.after_request
def after_request(resp):
    resp = make_response(resp)
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET,POST'
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'content-type,token'
    return resp
Vue通过axios向flask发起登录请求

前端将获取的帐号密码传递给后台,将请求获取的token写入Vuex中。(Vuex中会将token写入localStorage)

let _this = this
axios.post('http://127.0.0.1:5000/login',{
    username:this.username,
    password:this.password,
})
.then(function(response){
    let token = response.data
    _this.changeLogin({Authorization: token})
})
.catch(function(error){
})
Flask实现视图函数

视图函数将通过用户名和密码,验证用户信息,并生成token,返回token。

# Routes
@app.route('/login',methods=['POST'])
def login():
    json = request.get_json()
    user = User.query.filter_by(username = json['username']).first()
    if user.verify_password(json['password']):
        g.currnet_user = user
        token = user.generate_auth_token(expiration=3600)
        return token
    return "wrong password"
Vue配置Axios钩子

配置Axios钩子,在每次HTTP请求的头部都添加token

axios.interceptors.request.use(
    config => {
        let token = localStorage.getItem('Authorization');
        if(token){
            config.headers.common['token'] = token
        }
        return config
    },
    err => {
        return Promise.reject(err);
    });
实现HTTPBasicAuth

flask_httpauth模块实现的功能很少,其核心部分是我们需要自己实现@auth.verify_password这个回调函数,当被@auth.login_required修饰的视图函数被访问时,会先执行回调函数,在回调函数中将获取http头部的token,并验证该token是否合法,若合法则允许访问。

from flask_httpauth import HTTPBasicAuth
auth = HTTPBasicAuth()

@auth.verify_password
def verify_password(username_token):
    username_token = request.headers.get('Token')
    if username_token == '':
        return False
    else:
        g.currnet_user = User.verify_auth_token(username_token)
        g.token_used = True
        return g.currnet_user is not None

@auth.login_required
@app.route('/creatpost',methods=['POST'])
def new_post():
    json = request.get_json()
    newpost = Post(title=json['title'],content=json['content'])
    db.session.add(newpost)
    db.session.commit()
    return "200 OK"
备注

以上部分即是实现基于令牌管理的代码核心部分,阅读以上代码知晓思路即可,由于其还调用了诸如ORM中的函数的原因,所以只有以上部分代码功能并不健全,请参考下面简化后的完整代码。

完整代码

强调:以下代码出于简化的目的,皆为实现功能的最基本码,并没有遵循各种规范。

Flask
import os
from flask import Flask,make_response,render_template,redirect,url_for,jsonify,g,current_app,request,session
from flask_cors import CORS
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_httpauth import HTTPBasicAuth
from flask_login import login_user,UserMixin,LoginManager,login_required
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash,check_password_hash
from itsdangerous import TimedJSONWebSignatureSerializer as Serializer

basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))

# SQLite
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'secret-key'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir,'data.sqlite')
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False

db = SQLAlchemy(app)

# CORS
CORS(app,supports_credentials=True)
@app.after_request
def after_request(resp):
    resp = make_response(resp)
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET,POST'
    resp.headers['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'content-type,token'
    return resp

# Http auth
auth = HTTPBasicAuth()

@auth.verify_password
def verify_password(username_token):
    username_token = request.headers.get('Token')
    if username_token == '':
        return False
    else:
        g.currnet_user = User.verify_auth_token(username_token)
        g.token_used = True
        return g.currnet_user is not None

@auth.error_handler
def auth_error():
    return unauthorized('Invalid credentials')

# Routes
@app.route('/login',methods=['POST'])
def login():
    json = request.get_json()
    user = User.query.filter_by(username = json['username']).first()
    if user.verify_password(json['password']):
        g.currnet_user = user
        token = user.generate_auth_token(expiration=3600)
        return token
    return "wrong password"

@app.route('/register',methods=['POST'])
def register():
    json = request.get_json()
    email = json['username'] + '@email.com'
    user = User(email=email,username=json['username'],password=json['password'])
    db.session.add(user)
    db.session.commit()
    return "200 OK register"

@app.route('/postlist')
def article():
    ptemp = Post.query.all()
    return jsonify({
            'posts': [post.to_json() for post in ptemp],
        })

@auth.login_required
@app.route('/creatpost',methods=['POST'])
def new_post():
    json = request.get_json()
    newpost = Post(title=json['title'],content=json['content'])
    db.session.add(newpost)
    db.session.commit()
    return "200 OK"

def unauthorized(message):
    response = jsonify({'error': 'unauthorized', 'message': message})
    response.status_code = 401
    return response

# ORM
class User(UserMixin,db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(64),unique=True,index=True)
    username = db.Column(db.String(64),unique=True,index=True)
    password_hash = db.Column(db.String(128))

    @property
    def password(self):
        raise AttributeError('password is not a readable attribute')

    @password.setter
    def password(self,password):
        self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)

    def verify_password(self,password):
        return check_password_hash(self.password_hash,password)

    def generate_auth_token(self,expiration):
        s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'],expires_in = expiration)
        return  s.dumps({'id':self.id}).decode('utf-8')

    @staticmethod
    def verify_auth_token(token):
        s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'])
        try:
            data = s.loads(token)
        except:
            return None
        return User.query.get(data['id'])

class Post(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'posts'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    title = db.Column(db.String(64),unique=True,index=True)
    content = db.Column(db.String(64))

    def to_json(self):
        json_post = {
            'title': self.title,
            'content': self.content,
        }
        return json_post

if __name__ == '__main__':
    db.drop_all()
    db.create_all()
    app.run()
Vue -- main.js
import Vue from 'vue';
import App from './App.vue';
import VueRouter from 'vue-router';
import router from './router';
import iView from 'iview';
import 'iview/dist/styles/iview.css';
import axios from 'axios';
import vueAxios from 'vue-axios';
import store from './store';
import Vuex from 'vuex'

Vue.config.productionTip = false

Vue.use(VueRouter)
Vue.use(iView)
Vue.use(vueAxios,axios)
Vue.use(Vuex)

router.afterEach(route=>{
    window.scroll(0,0);
})

router.beforeEach((to,from,next)=>{
    let token = localStorage.getItem('Authorization');
    if(!to.meta.isLogin){
        next()
    }else{
        let token = localStorage.getItem('Authorization');
        if(token == null || token == ''){
            next('/')
        }else{
            next()
        }
    }
})

axios.interceptors.request.use(
    config => {
        let token = localStorage.getItem('Authorization');
        if(token){
            config.headers.common['token'] = token
        }
        return config
    },
    err => {
        return Promise.reject(err);
    });

new Vue({
  el:'#app',
  render: h => h(App),
  router,
  store,
})
Vue -- Vuex
import Vue from 'vue';
import Vuex from 'vuex';
import store from './index';

Vue.use(Vuex);

export default new Vuex.Store({
    state:{
        Authorization: localStorage.getItem('Authorization') ? localStorage.getItem('Authorization') : ''
    },
    mutations:{
        changeLogin (state, user) {
            state.Authorization = user.Authorization;
            localStorage.setItem('Authorization', user.Authorization);
        }
    },
})
Vue -- router
import Vue from 'vue'
import Router from 'vue-router'

import home from '../components/home.vue'
import articleDetail from '../components/articleDetail'
import createPost from '../components/createPost'

Vue.use(Router)
export default new Router({
    mode:'history',
    routes:[
        {
            path:'/',
            component:home,
            name:'home',
            meta:{
                isLogin:false
            }
        },
        {
            path:'/article',
            component:articleDetail,
            name:'article',
            meta:{
                isLogin:false
            }
        },
        {
            path:'/createpost',
            component:createPost,
            name:'createpost',
            meta:{
                isLogin:true
            }
        },
    ]
})
Vue -- Components -- home.vue
<template>
    <div class="super">
        <div class="header">
            <div class="buttomDiv">
                <Button type="success" class="loginButton" @click="showLoginModal">Login</Button>
                <Button type="primary" class="loginButton" @click="showRegisterModal">Register</Button>
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class = "content">
            <div class="contentLeft">
                <div
                    v-for = "post in blogList"
                    >
                    <thumbnail 
                        v-bind:title=post.title
                        v-bind:content=post.content
                    ></thumbnail>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="contentRight"></div>

        </div>

        <Modal v-model="registerModalStatus" @on-ok="registerEvent">
            <p>Register</p>
            <Input v-model="username" placeholder="Username"  />
            <Input v-model="password" placeholder="Password"  />
        </Modal>

        <Modal v-model="loginModalStatus" @on-ok="loginEvent">
            <p>Login</p>
            <Input v-model="username" placeholder="Username"  />
            <Input v-model="password" placeholder="Password"  />
        </Modal>

    </div>
</template>

<script>
    import axios from 'axios'
    import {mapMutations} from 'vuex'
    import store from '../store'
    import thumbnail from './articleThumbnail.vue'

    export default{
        name: 'home',
        data:function(){
            return {
                loginModalStatus:false,
                registerModalStatus:false,
                username:'',
                password:'',
                blogList:'',
            }
        },
        components:{
            thumbnail:thumbnail,
        },
        created(){
            localStorage.removeItem("Authorization","")
            let _this = this
            axios.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/postlist')
                    .then(function(response){
                        _this.blogList = response.data.posts
                    })
                    .catch(function(error){
                    })
        },
        methods:{
            ...mapMutations([
                'changeLogin'
            ]),
            showRegisterModal:function(){
                this.registerModalStatus = true;
            },
            showLoginModal:function(){
                this.loginModalStatus = true;
            },
            registerEvent:function(){
                let that = this
                axios.post('http://127.0.0.1:5000/register',{
                    username:this.username,
                    password:this.password,
                    })
                .then(function(res){

                })
                .catch(function(error){

                })
            },
            loginEvent:function(){
                let _this = this
                axios.post('http://127.0.0.1:5000/login',{
                            username:this.username,
                            password:this.password,
                        })
                    .then(function(response){
                        let token = response.data
                        _this.changeLogin({Authorization: token})
                    })
                    .catch(function(error){
                    })
            },
            navigator:function(){
                this.$router.push("/article")
            },

        },
    }
</script>

<style scoped>

</style>

后记

完整代码github地址
haythamBlog
haythamBlog_flask

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